Projects – German Jordanian Research Cooperation

Shuval, Hillel

Comments on "Confronting water in the Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement" by David Brooks and Julie Trottier Journal of Hydrology 382/1-4, pp. 103-114 Journal Article

In: Journal of Hydrology, vol. 397, pp. 146–148, 2011, ISSN: 0022-1694.

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Gunkela, A; Külls, Ch

Towards agent-based modelling of stakeholder behaviour–a pilot study on drought vulnerability of decentral water supply in NE Brazil Journal Article

In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 9089–9112., 2011.

Abstract | BibTeX

@article{Gunkela2011,

title = {Towards agent-based modelling of stakeholder behaviour\textendasha pilot study on drought vulnerability of decentral water supply in NE Brazil},

author = {A Gunkela and Ch K\"{u}lls},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions},

volume = {8},

number = {5},

pages = {9089\textendash9112.},

abstract = {While Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) creates a need for an integration of natural and socio-economic information, suitable approaches and tools are needed to facilitate this integration. If these tools are meant to support the decision-making process of the stakeholders, it is important that they are adapted to the needs and requirements of these end-users. One way to achieve this is the flexible and seamless direct participation of stakeholders through adequate model structures and interfaces. Participatory methods should facilitate the communication process with different stakeholders and allow for interactions between them. Models for this purpose ideally contribute to the stakeholder's understanding of the system by representing the natural water resources system in a detailed, distributed, and process-oriented manner and by including the anthropogenic influences in the system. Agent-based models represent a possible approach to INRM fulfilling the specified requirements. Such models facilitate active participation of stakeholders because of their relative descriptive clarity and the straightforward way of interpreting them. In a pilot study on agent-based model application in this context, the decentral water supply system of the municipality of Tau\'{a} in the drought-prone Northeast of Brazil has been modelled. The local population is affected by a bad water quality and a comparably simple water supply infrastructure, with distribution networks only in major towns. The research objective of the case study is to represent the decision of the water users for one or several of the available water sources depending on the availability of resources, the water quality, and the background of the water users, e.g., their economical situation. Representing the decision-making process of the agents in such a simple context is investigated in order to explore solutions based on analysing and adapting agent-behaviour, e.g. for creating Decision Support Systems. The model was designed relying on census data on water sources, quality and consumption in different situations of water availability.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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While Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) creates a need for an integration of natural and socio-economic information, suitable approaches and tools are needed to facilitate this integration. If these tools are meant to support the decision-making process of the stakeholders, it is important that they are adapted to the needs and requirements of these end-users. One way to achieve this is the flexible and seamless direct participation of stakeholders through adequate model structures and interfaces. Participatory methods should facilitate the communication process with different stakeholders and allow for interactions between them. Models for this purpose ideally contribute to the stakeholder's understanding of the system by representing the natural water resources system in a detailed, distributed, and process-oriented manner and by including the anthropogenic influences in the system. Agent-based models represent a possible approach to INRM fulfilling the specified requirements. Such models facilitate active participation of stakeholders because of their relative descriptive clarity and the straightforward way of interpreting them. In a pilot study on agent-based model application in this context, the decentral water supply system of the municipality of Tauá in the drought-prone Northeast of Brazil has been modelled. The local population is affected by a bad water quality and a comparably simple water supply infrastructure, with distribution networks only in major towns. The research objective of the case study is to represent the decision of the water users for one or several of the available water sources depending on the availability of resources, the water quality, and the background of the water users, e.g., their economical situation. Representing the decision-making process of the agents in such a simple context is investigated in order to explore solutions based on analysing and adapting agent-behaviour, e.g. for creating Decision Support Systems. The model was designed relying on census data on water sources, quality and consumption in different situations of water availability.

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Al-Juaidi, Ahmed E.; Kaluarachchi, Jagath J.; Kim, Ungtae

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions1 Journal Article

In: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, vol. 46, pp. 395–411, 2010, ISSN: 1093-474X.

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Kuells, C. J.; Ritter, M.

Deuterium excess anomaly of precipitation in Svalbard Journal Article

In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010.

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Davila, P.; Kuells, C.

Reliability of current CFC data for age dating of water Journal Article

In: EGU General Assembly Conference …, 2010.

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Nazer, Dima W.; Siebel, Maarten A.; Zaag, Pieter; Mimi, Ziad; Gijzen, Huub J.

A Financial, Environmental and Social Evaluation of Domestic Water Management Options in the West Bank, Palestine Journal Article

In: Water Resources Management, vol. 24, pp. 4445–4467, 2010, ISSN: 0920-4741.

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Brooks, David; Trottier, Julie

Confronting water in an Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement Journal Article

In: Journal of Hydrology, vol. 382, pp. 103–114, 2010, ISSN: 0022-1694.

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Rosenthal, Eliahu; Guttman, Joseph; Sabel, Robbie; Moeller, Peter

Limiting hydrochemical factors for sustainability of water resources: The Cisjordanian experience Journal Article

In: Chemie Der Erde-Geochemistry, vol. 69, pp. 191–222, 2009, ISSN: 0009-2819.

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Kuells, C. J.; Zabori, J.

On the representation of hydrological processes in current SVAT schemes-comparison and perspective Journal Article

In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2009.

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Kuells, C.; Marx, V.; Bittner, A.; Ellmies, R.

Environmental impacts on the hydrology of ephemeral streams and alluvial aquifers Journal Article

In: EGU General …, 2009.

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Klaus, J.; Kuells, C.

Integrating residence time data in mixing cell modeling-Application to the Lower Kuiseb Dune area Journal Article

In: EGU General Assembly Conference …, 2009.

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Nas, S. Serkan; Nas, Evin

Water Quality Modeling and Dissolved Oxygen Balance in Streams: A Point Source Streeter-Phelps Application in the Case of the Harsit Stream Journal Article

In: Clean-Soil Air Water, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 67–74, 2009, ISSN: 1863-0650.

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Davila, P.; Kuells, C.

Combined application of 85-Kr, 39-Ar with CFCs in contaminated aquifers Journal Article

In: EGU General Assembly Conference …, 2009.

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Kuells, C.; Zabori, J.

On the representation of hydrological processes in current SVAT schemes-comparison and perspective (Invited) Journal Article

In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2009.

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Anayah, Fathi M.; Almasri, Mohammad N.

Trends and occurrences of nitrate in the groundwater of the West Bank, Palestine Journal Article

In: Applied Geography, vol. 29, pp. 588–601, 2009, ISSN: 0143-6228.

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Khayat, Saed; Moeller, Peter; Geyer, Stefan; Marei, Amer; Siebert, Christian; Hilo, Fayez Abu

Hydrochemical variation in the springs water between Jerusalem-Ramallah Mountains and Jericho Fault, Palestine Journal Article

In: Environmental Geology, vol. 57, pp. 1739–1751, 2009, ISSN: 0943-0105.

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Al-Khatib, Issam A.; Arafat, Hassan A.

Chemical and microbiological quality of desalinated water, groundwater and rain-fed cisterns in the Gaza strip, Palestine Journal Article

In: Desalination, vol. 249, pp. 1165–1170, 2009, ISSN: 0011-9164.

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Mimi, Ziad A.; Assi, Amjad

Intrinsic vulnerability, hazard and risk mapping for karst aquifers: A case study Journal Article

In: Journal of Hydrology, vol. 364, pp. 298–310, 2009, ISSN: 0022-1694.

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Gray, Alice

Water development in the Palestinian Territories since the Oslo Interim Agreement in 1995 Journal Article

In: Water Policy, vol. 11, pp. 525–536, 2009, ISSN: 1366-7017.

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Mimi, Ziad

Spatial analysis of urban stormwater quality: Ramallah district as a case study, Palestine Journal Article

In: Water and Environment Journal, vol. 23, pp. 128–133, 2009, ISSN: 0951-7359.

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Morin, Efrat; Grodek, Tamir; Dahan, Ofer; Benito, Gerardo; Kulls, Christoph; Jacoby, Yael; Langenhove, Guido Van; Seely, Mary; Enzel, Yehouda

Flood routing and alluvial aquifer recharge along the ephemeral arid Kuiseb River, Namibia Journal Article

In: Journal of Hydrology, vol. 368, no. 1-4, pp. 262–275, 2009.

Abstract | BibTeX

@article{Morin2009,

title = {Flood routing and alluvial aquifer recharge along the ephemeral arid Kuiseb River, Namibia},

author = {Efrat Morin and Tamir Grodek and Ofer Dahan and Gerardo Benito and Christoph Kulls and Yael Jacoby and Guido Van Langenhove and Mary Seely and Yehouda Enzel},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Hydrology},

volume = {368},

number = {1-4},

pages = {262\textendash275},

abstract = {Flood water infiltrates ephemeral channels, recharging local and regional aquifers, and it is the main water source in hyperarid regions. Quantitative estimations of these resources are limited by the scarcity of data from such regions. The floods of the Kuiseb River in the Namib Desert have been monitored for 46 years, providing a unique data set of flow hydrographs from one of the world's hyperarid regions. The study objectives were to: (1) subject the records to quality control; (2) model flood routing and transmission losses; and (3) study the relationships between flood characteristics, river characteristics and recharge into the aquifers. After rigorous quality-testing of the original gauge-station data, a flood-routing model based on kinematic flow with components accounting for channel-bed infiltration was constructed and applied to the data. A simplified module added to this routing model estimates aquifer recharge from the infiltrating flood water. Most of the model parameters were obtained from field surveys and GIS analyses. Two of the model parameters-Manning's roughness coefficient and the constant infiltration rate-were calibrated based on the high-quality measured flow data set, providing values of 0.025 and 8.5 mm/h, respectively. This infiltration rate is in agreement with that estimated from extensive direct TDR-based moisture measurements in the vadose zone under the Kuiseb River channel, and is low relative to those reported for other sites. The model was later verified with additional flood data and observed groundwater levels in boreholes. Sensitivity analysis showed the important role of large and medium floods in aquifer recharge. To generalize from the studied river to other streams with diverse conditions, we demonstrate that with increasing in infiltration rate, channel length or active channel width, the relative contribution of high-magnitude floods to recharge also increases, whereas medium and small floods contribute less, often not reaching the downstream parts of the arid ephemeral river at all. For example, more than three-quarters of the floods reaching the downstream Kuiseb River (with an infiltration rate of 8.5 mm/h) would not have reached similar distances in rivers with all other properties similar but with infiltration rates of 50 mm/h. The recharge volume in the downstream segment in the case of higher infiltration is mainly contributed by floods with magnitude ≥93rd percentile, compared to floods in the 63rd percentile at an infiltration rate of 8.5 mm/h. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Flood water infiltrates ephemeral channels, recharging local and regional aquifers, and it is the main water source in hyperarid regions. Quantitative estimations of these resources are limited by the scarcity of data from such regions. The floods of the Kuiseb River in the Namib Desert have been monitored for 46 years, providing a unique data set of flow hydrographs from one of the world's hyperarid regions. The study objectives were to: (1) subject the records to quality control; (2) model flood routing and transmission losses; and (3) study the relationships between flood characteristics, river characteristics and recharge into the aquifers. After rigorous quality-testing of the original gauge-station data, a flood-routing model based on kinematic flow with components accounting for channel-bed infiltration was constructed and applied to the data. A simplified module added to this routing model estimates aquifer recharge from the infiltrating flood water. Most of the model parameters were obtained from field surveys and GIS analyses. Two of the model parameters-Manning's roughness coefficient and the constant infiltration rate-were calibrated based on the high-quality measured flow data set, providing values of 0.025 and 8.5 mm/h, respectively. This infiltration rate is in agreement with that estimated from extensive direct TDR-based moisture measurements in the vadose zone under the Kuiseb River channel, and is low relative to those reported for other sites. The model was later verified with additional flood data and observed groundwater levels in boreholes. Sensitivity analysis showed the important role of large and medium floods in aquifer recharge. To generalize from the studied river to other streams with diverse conditions, we demonstrate that with increasing in infiltration rate, channel length or active channel width, the relative contribution of high-magnitude floods to recharge also increases, whereas medium and small floods contribute less, often not reaching the downstream parts of the arid ephemeral river at all. For example, more than three-quarters of the floods reaching the downstream Kuiseb River (with an infiltration rate of 8.5 mm/h) would not have reached similar distances in rivers with all other properties similar but with infiltration rates of 50 mm/h. The recharge volume in the downstream segment in the case of higher infiltration is mainly contributed by floods with magnitude ≥93rd percentile, compared to floods in the 63rd percentile at an infiltration rate of 8.5 mm/h. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Dahan, O.; Tatarsky, B.; Enzel, Y.; Kulls, C.; Seely, M.; Benito, G.

Dynamics of flood water infiltration and ground water recharge in hyperarid desert Journal Article

In: Ground Water, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 450–461, 2008, ISSN: 0017467X 17456584.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{dahan_dynamics_2008,

title = {Dynamics of flood water infiltration and ground water recharge in hyperarid desert},

author = {O. Dahan and B. Tatarsky and Y. Enzel and C. Kulls and M. Seely and G. Benito},

doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00414.x},

issn = {0017467X 17456584},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Ground Water},

volume = {46},

number = {3},

pages = {450\textendash461},

abstract = {A study on flood water infiltration and ground water recharge of a shallow alluvial aquifer was conducted in the hyperarid section of the Kuiseb River, Namibia. The study site was selected to represent a typical desert ephemeral river. An instrumental setup allowed, for the first time, continuous monitoring of infiltration during a flood event through the channel bed and the entire vadose zone. The monitoring system included flexible time domain reflectometry probes that were designed to measure the temporal variation in vadose zone water content and instruments to concurrently measure the levels of flood and ground water. A sequence of five individual floods was monitored during the rainy season in early summer 2006. These newly generated data served to elucidate the dynamics of flood water infiltration. Each flood initiated an infiltration event which was expressed in wetting of the vadose zone followed by a measurable rise in the water table. The data enabled a direct calculation of the infiltration fluxes by various independent methods. The floods varied in their stages, peaks, and initial water contents. However, all floods produced very similar flux rates, suggesting that the recharge rates are less affected by the flood stages but rather controlled by flow duration and available aquifer storage under it. Large floods flood the stream channel terraces and promote the larger transmission losses. These, however, make only a negligible contribution to the recharge of the ground water. It is the flood duration within the active streambed, which may increase with flood magnitude that is important to the recharge process. © 2008 The Author(s).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Flögel, S.; Beckmann, B.; Hofmann, P.; Bornemann, A.; Westerhold, T.; Norris, R. D; Dullo, C.; Wagner, T.

Evolution of tropical watersheds and continental hydrology during the Late Cretaceous greenhouse; impact on marine carbon burial and possible implications for the future Journal Article

In: Earth and planetary science letters, vol. 274, no. 1/2, pp. 1–13, 2008.

Abstract | BibTeX

@article{flogel_evolution_2008,

title = {Evolution of tropical watersheds and continental hydrology during the Late Cretaceous greenhouse; impact on marine carbon burial and possible implications for the future},

author = {S. Fl\"{o}gel and B. Beckmann and P. Hofmann and A. Bornemann and T. Westerhold and R. D Norris and C. Dullo and T. Wagner},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Earth and planetary science letters},

volume = {274},

number = {1/2},

pages = {1\textendash13},

abstract = {Regional climate modelling for the Late Cretaceous greenhouse and high-resolution marine stratigraphic records from both sides of the low latitude Atlantic show that tropical South American and African hydrology and watersheds had a strong effect on freshwater transfer into the Equatorial Atlantic and subsequently the marine carbon record. This conclusion is derived from new detailed geochemical records from Demerara Rise off Suriname drilled at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1261 combined with frequency analyses and climate simulations providing evidence for mainly eccentricity-driven changes in carbon burial in the western tropical Atlantic. Shorter orbital frequencies, in particular precession, clearly dominating black shale cycles off tropical Africa (ODP Site 959), are far less dominant at Demerara Rise despite comparable time resolution of the geochemical records. We suggest that these different frequency patterns in carbon burial were related to the regional evolution of Cretaceous watersheds and hydrology in tropical South America and Africa. River discharge deduced from simulations indicates higher and less variable discharge from South America compared to western Africa at that time. This runoff pattern would have supported more permanent anoxic conditions off South America compared to Africa, at least indirectly, and caused the lack of strong higher frequency geochemical cycles in the western sector of the Equatorial Atlantic. Furthermore, climate simulations show a general switch of primary runoff from either side of the Cretaceous Equatorial Atlantic every half precession cycle (i.e. every 10 kyr). Similarities between the developments of Cretaceous and Holocene hydrology in the tropical Atlantic area imply that orbital-scale evolution of watersheds is a robust feature through time that is independent from the mean global climate state. Based upon the comparison of Cretaceous and Holocene trends in hydrology we infer that future hydrology in the study region may develop in a comparable direction to the one observed in the Cretaceous. If true, this suggests that the modern Amazon rain forest could shrink over the next millennium due to a 30% loss of moisture while the Congo rain forest in Africa is likely to expand in response to a 14% gain in moisture.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Close

Regional climate modelling for the Late Cretaceous greenhouse and high-resolution marine stratigraphic records from both sides of the low latitude Atlantic show that tropical South American and African hydrology and watersheds had a strong effect on freshwater transfer into the Equatorial Atlantic and subsequently the marine carbon record. This conclusion is derived from new detailed geochemical records from Demerara Rise off Suriname drilled at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1261 combined with frequency analyses and climate simulations providing evidence for mainly eccentricity-driven changes in carbon burial in the western tropical Atlantic. Shorter orbital frequencies, in particular precession, clearly dominating black shale cycles off tropical Africa (ODP Site 959), are far less dominant at Demerara Rise despite comparable time resolution of the geochemical records. We suggest that these different frequency patterns in carbon burial were related to the regional evolution of Cretaceous watersheds and hydrology in tropical South America and Africa. River discharge deduced from simulations indicates higher and less variable discharge from South America compared to western Africa at that time. This runoff pattern would have supported more permanent anoxic conditions off South America compared to Africa, at least indirectly, and caused the lack of strong higher frequency geochemical cycles in the western sector of the Equatorial Atlantic. Furthermore, climate simulations show a general switch of primary runoff from either side of the Cretaceous Equatorial Atlantic every half precession cycle (i.e. every 10 kyr). Similarities between the developments of Cretaceous and Holocene hydrology in the tropical Atlantic area imply that orbital-scale evolution of watersheds is a robust feature through time that is independent from the mean global climate state. Based upon the comparison of Cretaceous and Holocene trends in hydrology we infer that future hydrology in the study region may develop in a comparable direction to the one observed in the Cretaceous. If true, this suggests that the modern Amazon rain forest could shrink over the next millennium due to a 30% loss of moisture while the Congo rain forest in Africa is likely to expand in response to a 14% gain in moisture.

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Zinke, J.; Pfeiffer, M.; Timm, O.; Dullo, W. -Ch; Brummer, G. J. A.

Western Indian Ocean marine and terrestrial records of climate variability: A review and new concepts on landocean interactions since AD 1660 Journal Article

In: International journal of earth sciences, 2008.

Abstract | BibTeX

Nazer, Dima W.; Siebel, Maarten A.; Zaag, Pieter; Mimi, Ziad; Gijzen, Huub J.

Water footprint of the Palestinians in the West Bank Journal Article

In: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, vol. 44, pp. 449–458, 2008, ISSN: 1093-474X.

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Mimi, Ziad A.; Salman, Rand

Water quality and improving hygienic practices of the rural community in the vicinity of Ramallah, West Bank, Palestine Journal Article

In: International Journal of Environmental Health Research, vol. 18, pp. 375–385, 2008, ISSN: 0960-3123.

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Shalash, Ibrahim; Ghanem, Marwan

Hydrochemistry of the Natuf drainage basin in Ramallah area/West Bank Journal Article

In: Environmental Geology, vol. 55, pp. 359–367, 2008, ISSN: 0943-0105.

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Klaus, Julian; Külls, Christoph; Dahan, Ofer

Evaluating the recharge mechanism of the Lower Kuiseb Dune area using mixing cell modeling and residence time data Journal Article

In: Journal of Hydrology, vol. 358, no. 3-4, pp. 304–316, 2008, ISSN: 00221694.

Abstract | BibTeX

@article{Klaus2008a,

title = {Evaluating the recharge mechanism of the Lower Kuiseb Dune area using mixing cell modeling and residence time data},

author = {Julian Klaus and Christoph K\"{u}lls and Ofer Dahan},

issn = {00221694},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Hydrology},

volume = {358},

number = {3-4},

pages = {304\textendash316},

abstract = {A mixing cell approach was extended by a method incorporating mean cell residence times derived from 14C to further constrain and validate the modeling results. This extended approach was used to model the groundwater system of the Lower Kuiseb Dune area in Namibia. The Kuiseb river is a 560 km long ephemeral river that crosses the Namib Desert from east to west. Transmission losses from the riverbed during flood events are an important source of groundwater recharge to the underlying aquifer system. The Lower Kuiseb area is located in a hyper arid region with annual precipitation less than 25 mm/yr. Hydrochemical data from 13 wells in the area were used in the mixing cell model (MCM). End members were identified as sources for the groundwater found in the Lower Kuiseb, including inflow from the crystalline basement plateau north of the Kuiseb as well as floodwater from the Kuiseb river. A conceptual groundwater recharge and flow model was developed, and then inverse mixing cell modeling was carried out using hydrochemical tracers. This approach generally allows for several possible solutions. After completing the inverse modeling, a forward mixing cell model was developed by varying the mean residence time of each cell to fit calculated 14C data to the measured 14C data. This new approach joins previously developed methods solely based on conservative mixing or residence time optimization. Based on the results of the model the fraction of floodwater in different sections of the Lower Kuiseb groundwater systems was calculated, ranging from 61% to 98.2%. In addition to floodwater, groundwater inflow from the crystalline basement north of the Kuiseb was shown to contribute to the Lower Kuiseb aquifer, accounting for salinization during periods without flooding. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Heidbuechl, I.; Kuells, C.

Groundwater controls on flash flood shape and incidence Journal Article

In: Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2008.

Abstract | BibTeX

Zagana, Ele; Obeidat, M.; Kuells, Ch; Udluft, P.

Chloride, hydrochemical and isotope methods of groundwater recharge estimation in eastern Mediterranean areas: A case study in Jordan Journal Article

In: Hydrological Processes, vol. 21, no. 16, pp. 2112–2123, 2007.

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Tagar, Zecharya; Keinan, Tamar; Bromberg, Gidon

A seeping timebomb: Pollution of the mountain aquifer by sewage Journal Article

In: Water Resources in the Middle East: ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN WATER ISSUES - FROM CONFLICT TO COOPERATION, vol. 2, pp. 417–426, 2007.

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Kuells, C.

Interaction between riparian phreatophytes, alluvial aquifers and channel processes Journal Article

In: Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2007.

BibTeX

Kuells, C.

Large basins as isotopic monitors of hydrologic response in arid zones Journal Article

In: Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2007.

BibTeX

Al-Sa'ed, R.

Pathogens assessment in reclaimed effluent used for industrial crops irrigation Journal Article

In: International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 4, pp. 68–75, 2007, ISSN: 1661-7827.

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Asaf, Lior; Negaoker, Neta; Tal, Alon; Laronne, Jonathan; Khateeb, Nader Al

Transboundary stream restoration in Israel and the Palestinian authority Journal Article

In: Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East, pp. 285–295, 2007, ISSN: 1871-4668.

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Gray, Alice; Hilal, Jane

Water and security for Palestine - The water crisis in the Palestinian Territories: challenges and opportunities for development Journal Article

In: Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East, pp. 99–117, 2007, ISSN: 1871-4668.

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Zagana, Eleza; Kuells, Ch; Udluft, P.; Constantinou, C.

Methods of groundwater recharge estimation in eastern Mediterranean - A water balance model application in Greece, Cyprus and Jordan Journal Article

In: Hydrological Processes, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 2405–2414, 2007.

Abstract | BibTeX

@article{Zagana2007c,

title = {Methods of groundwater recharge estimation in eastern Mediterranean - A water balance model application in Greece, Cyprus and Jordan},

author = {Eleza Zagana and Ch Kuells and P. Udluft and C. Constantinou},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Hydrological Processes},

volume = {21},

number = {18},

pages = {2405\textendash2414},

abstract = {Groundwater recharge studies in semi-arid areas are fundamental because groundwater is often the only water resource of importance. This paper describes the water balance method of groundwater recharge estimation in three different hydro-climatic environments in eastern Mediterranean, in northwest Greece (Aliakmonas basin/Koromilia basin), in Cyprus (Kouris basin and Larnaka area) and in Jordan (northern part of Jordan). For the Aliakmonas basin, groundwater recharge was calculated for different sub-catchments. For the Upper Aliakmonas basin (Koromilia basin), a watershed-distributed model was developed and recharge maps were generated on a daily basis. The mean annual recharge varied between 50 and 75 mm/year (mean annual rainfall 800 mm/year). In Cyprus, the mean groundwater recharge estimates yielded 70 mm/year in the Kouris basin. In the Larnaka area, groundwater recharge ranged from 30 mm/year (lowland) to 200 mm/year (mountains). In Jordan, the results indicated recharge rates ranging from 80 mm/year for very permeable karstified surfaces in the upper part of the Salt basin, where rainfall reaches 500 mm/year to less than 10 mm/year and to only about 1 mm/year in the southernmost part of the basin. For the north part of Jordan, a watershed-distributed model was developed and recharge maps were generated. This water balance model was used for groundwater recharge estimations in many regions with different climatic conditions and has provided reliable results. It has turned out to be an important tool for the management of the limited natural water resources, which require a detailed understanding of regional hydro(geo)logical processes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Khayat, S.; Geyer, S.; Hotzl, H.; Ghanem, M.; Ali, W.

Identification of nitrate sources in groundwater by delta N-15(nitrate) and delta O-18(nitrate) isotopes: a study of the shallow Pleistocene aquifer in the Jericho area, Palestine Journal Article

In: Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica, vol. 34, pp. 27–33, 2006, ISSN: 0323-4320.

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Adolph, G.; Römer, T.; Külls, C.; Kuells, C.

Deriving complex groundwater age structure by combining age dating and analytic element modelling. Journal Article

In: G-DAT 2008-Leipzig, 2006.

BibTeX

Kuells, C.

Indicators for the the distribution of flood recharge along ephemeral rivers Journal Article

In: Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2006.

BibTeX

Rupp, David E.; Selker, John S.

On the use of the Boussinesq equation for interpreting recession hydrographs from sloping aquifers Journal Article

In: Water Resources Research, vol. 42, no. 12, 2006, ISSN: 0043-1397.

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Khayat, S.; Hotzl, H.; Geyer, S.; Ali, W.

Hydrochemical investigation of water from the Pleistocene wells and springs, Jericho area, Palestine Journal Article

In: Hydrogeology Journal, vol. 14, pp. 192–202, 2006, ISSN: 1431-2174.

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Afifi, Samir

Wastewater reuse status in the Gaza strip, Palestine Journal Article

In: International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol. 28, pp. 76–86, 2006, ISSN: 0957-4352.

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Nassar, Abdelmajid; Afifi, Samir

Assessment of existing and future sewage sludge characterisation in the Gaza Strip, Palestine Journal Article

In: International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol. 28, pp. 67–75, 2006, ISSN: 0957-4352.

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Thawaba, Salem A.

Anthropogenic impact on water resources in the West Bank Palestine: A case from Wadi Fara'a stream - Nablus area Journal Article

In: Environmental Forensics, vol. 7, pp. 241–245, 2006, ISSN: 1527-5922.

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Yassin, Maged Mohammed; Amr, Salem S. Abu; Al-Najar, Husam M.

Assessment of microbiological water quality and its relation to human health in Gaza Governorate, Gaza Strip Journal Article

In: Public Health, vol. 120, pp. 1177–1187, 2006, ISSN: 0033-3506.

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Weinthal, E.; Vengosh, A.; Marei, A.; Gutierrez, A.; Kloppmann, W.

The water crisis in the Gaza strip: Prospects for resolution Journal Article

In: Ground Water, vol. 43, pp. 653–660, 2005, ISSN: 0017-467X.

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Al-Khatib, I. A.; Daoud, F.; Rasmawi, F.; Wa'rra, S.; Kassabry, M.

Seasonal variation of bacteriological and chemical quality of drinking water: A case study in a Palestinian district Journal Article

In: Water and Environment Journal, vol. 19, pp. 154–158, 2005, ISSN: 0951-7359.

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Farber, Efrat; Vengosh, Avner; Gavrieli, Ittai; Marie, Amer; Bullen, Thomas D.; Mayer, Bernhard; Holtzman, Ran; Segal, Michal; Shavit, Uri

The origin and mechanisms of salinization of the lower Jordan river 1 1Associate editor: K. K. Falkner Journal Article

In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 1989-2006, 2004, ISSN: 0016-7037.

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@article{FARBER20041989,

title = {The origin and mechanisms of salinization of the lower Jordan river 1 1Associate editor: K. K. Falkner},

author = {Efrat Farber and Avner Vengosh and Ittai Gavrieli and Amer Marie and Thomas D. Bullen and Bernhard Mayer and Ran Holtzman and Michal Segal and Uri Shavit},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703703007476},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.09.021},

issn = {0016-7037},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},

volume = {68},

number = {9},

pages = {1989-2006},

abstract = {The chemical and isotopic (87Sr/86Sr, δ11B, δ34Ssulfate, δ18Owater, δ15Nnitrate) compositions of water from the Lower Jordan River and its major tributaries between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea were determined in order to reveal the origin of the salinity of the Jordan River. We identified three separate hydrological zones along the flow of the river: (1)A northern section (20 km downstream of its source) where the base flow composed of diverted saline and wastewaters is modified due to discharge of shallow sulfate-rich groundwater, characterized by low 87Sr/86Sr (0.7072), δ34Ssulfate (−2‰), high δ11B (∼36‰), δ15Nnitrate (∼15‰) and high δ18Owater (−2 to\textendash3‰) values. The shallow groundwater is derived from agricultural drainage water mixed with natural saline groundwater and discharges to both the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers. The contribution of the groundwater component in the Jordan River flow, deduced from mixing relationships of solutes and strontium isotopes, varies from 20 to 50% of the total flow.(2)A central zone (20\textendash50 km downstream from its source) where salt variations are minimal and the rise of 87Sr/86Sr and SO4/Cl ratios reflects predominance of eastern surface water flows.(3)A southern section (50\textendash100 km downstream of its source) where the total dissolved solids of the Jordan River increase, particularly during the spring (70\textendash80 km) and summer (80\textendash100 km) to values as high as 11.1 g/L. Variations in the chemical and isotopic compositions of river water along the southern section suggest that the Zarqa River (87Sr/86Sr∼0.70865; δ11B∼25‰) has a negligible affect on the Jordan River. Instead, the river quality is influenced primarily by groundwater discharge composed of sulfate-rich saline groundwater (Cl-=31\textendash180 mM; SO4/Cl∼0.2\textendash0.5; Br/Cl∼2\textendash3×10-3; 87Sr/86Sr∼0.70805; δ11B∼30‰; δ15Nnitrate ∼17‰, δ34Ssulfate=4\textendash10‰), and Ca-chloride Rift valley brines (Cl-=846\textendash1500 mM; Br/Cl∼6\textendash8×10-3; 87Sr/86Sr∼0.7080; δ11B\>40‰; δ34Ssulfate=4\textendash10‰). Mixing calculations indicate that the groundwater discharged to the river is composed of varying proportions of brines and sulfate-rich saline groundwater. Solute mass balance calculations point to a ∼10% contribution of saline groundwater (Cl−=282 to 564 mM) to the river. A high nitrate level (up to 2.5 mM) in the groundwater suggests that drainage of wastewater derived irrigation water is an important source for the groundwater. This irrigation water appears to leach Pleistocene sediments of the Jordan Valley resulting in elevated sulfate contents and altered strontium and boron isotopic compositions of the groundwater that in turn impacts the water quality of the lower Jordan River.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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The chemical and isotopic (87Sr/86Sr, δ11B, δ34Ssulfate, δ18Owater, δ15Nnitrate) compositions of water from the Lower Jordan River and its major tributaries between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea were determined in order to reveal the origin of the salinity of the Jordan River. We identified three separate hydrological zones along the flow of the river: (1)A northern section (20 km downstream of its source) where the base flow composed of diverted saline and wastewaters is modified due to discharge of shallow sulfate-rich groundwater, characterized by low 87Sr/86Sr (0.7072), δ34Ssulfate (−2‰), high δ11B (∼36‰), δ15Nnitrate (∼15‰) and high δ18Owater (−2 to–3‰) values. The shallow groundwater is derived from agricultural drainage water mixed with natural saline groundwater and discharges to both the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers. The contribution of the groundwater component in the Jordan River flow, deduced from mixing relationships of solutes and strontium isotopes, varies from 20 to 50% of the total flow.(2)A central zone (20–50 km downstream from its source) where salt variations are minimal and the rise of 87Sr/86Sr and SO4/Cl ratios reflects predominance of eastern surface water flows.(3)A southern section (50–100 km downstream of its source) where the total dissolved solids of the Jordan River increase, particularly during the spring (70–80 km) and summer (80–100 km) to values as high as 11.1 g/L. Variations in the chemical and isotopic compositions of river water along the southern section suggest that the Zarqa River (87Sr/86Sr∼0.70865; δ11B∼25‰) has a negligible affect on the Jordan River. Instead, the river quality is influenced primarily by groundwater discharge composed of sulfate-rich saline groundwater (Cl-=31–180 mM; SO4/Cl∼0.2–0.5; Br/Cl∼2–3×10-3; 87Sr/86Sr∼0.70805; δ11B∼30‰; δ15Nnitrate ∼17‰, δ34Ssulfate=4–10‰), and Ca-chloride Rift valley brines (Cl-=846–1500 mM; Br/Cl∼6–8×10-3; 87Sr/86Sr∼0.7080; δ11B>40‰; δ34Ssulfate=4–10‰). Mixing calculations indicate that the groundwater discharged to the river is composed of varying proportions of brines and sulfate-rich saline groundwater. Solute mass balance calculations point to a ∼10% contribution of saline groundwater (Cl−=282 to 564 mM) to the river. A high nitrate level (up to 2.5 mM) in the groundwater suggests that drainage of wastewater derived irrigation water is an important source for the groundwater. This irrigation water appears to leach Pleistocene sediments of the Jordan Valley resulting in elevated sulfate contents and altered strontium and boron isotopic compositions of the groundwater that in turn impacts the water quality of the lower Jordan River.

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Ali, W.; Glaser, J.; Thiel, M.; Hotzl, H.; Werz, H.

Hydrogeological investigations in the north-eastern Dead Sea Area, Suweimeh, Jordan Journal Article

In: Water in the Middle East and in North Africa: Resources, Protection and Management, pp. 21–30, 2004.

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